Episode 5: The Yen Strengthens?! The Plaza Accord and the Eve of the Bubble (Early 1980s) 🇯🇵💲
Last time, we talked about how Japan overcame the major crisis of two "Oil Shocks" through wisdom and effort. Energy-saving technologies advanced, and the Japanese economy was about to enter a new stage.
Now, we're in the early 1980s. Japan was enjoying stable growth, but major global events were unfolding that would become the initial trigger for the incredible upheaval known as the "Bubble Economy." Its name? The "Plaza Accord"! What kind of agreement was it?
Stable Growth and a New Problem: "Trade Friction" (Early 1980s)
Having overcome the oil shocks, Japan was exporting industrial products like cars and electronics, and its economy was growing relatively stably. It was an era when Japan's technological prowess and economic strength were gaining global attention, with books like "Japan as Number One" becoming popular worldwide.
However, as Japan exported excessively, a problem called "trade friction" grew, especially with the United States. The U.S. was a bit upset, saying, "Only Japanese products are selling, and American products aren't! It's unfair!" There was friction in various sectors like automobiles, steel, and semiconductors, with a_lot_of_pressure_on_Japan_to_buy_more_American_goods_or_that_its_market_was_closed.
America's SOS! The "Plaza Accord" to Weaken the Dollar! (1985)
At the time, the U.S. was suffering from "twin deficits": a trade deficit (imports far exceeding exports) and a fiscal deficit (large national debt). A major cause was considered to be an "overvalued dollar (strong dollar)." A strong dollar made American products expensive overseas and harder to sell, while foreign products became cheaper in the U.S., increasing imports.
So, on September 22, 1985, finance ministers and central bank governors from the Group of Five (G5: Japan, U.S., U.K., West Germany, France) gathered for a secret meeting at the Plaza Hotel in New York.
The result of the meeting was an announcement: "Let's all cooperate to bring down the overvalued dollar!" This was the historic "Plaza Accord."
Oh No! The "Strong Yen" Arrives in a Flash! 💴💨
When the Plaza Accord was announced, foreign exchange markets were in an uproar! As countries cooperated to sell dollars and buy other currencies, the value of the dollar fell, and conversely, the value of the Japanese yen soared (this is called "strong yen, weak dollar").
Before the Plaza Accord, the exchange rate was around 240 yen to the dollar. Just a year later, it had become around 150 yen to the dollar! The yen's value rose incroyably fast.
A strong yen makes Japanese products more expensive overseas, which was a major crisis for export companies! "Our products aren't selling!" they cried, and the Japanese economy temporarily fell into a state called the "Strong Yen Recession."
Turning Crisis into Opportunity? The Bank of Japan's "Monetary Easing" 💧
Fearing for the Japanese economy, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) implemented policies to make borrowing money easier to stimulate the economy. Specifically, it significantly lowered interest rates. This is called "monetary easing."
When interest rates fall, it becomes easier for companies and individuals to borrow money from banks, right? Borrowed money was used to build new factories, buy houses, and for various other purposes, leading to a large amount of money circulating in the economy.
What Happened to Stock Prices? The Quiet Footsteps Towards the Bubble... 🐾
Where did all this money flooding the economy through monetary easing go?
Yes, some of it started flowing into "stocks" and "real estate."
The Nikkei Stock Average, after a temporary dip due to the strong yen recession, began to rise again thanks to this monetary easing and corporate efforts to adapt to the strong yen (such as increasing overseas production). Around the time of the Plaza Accord in 1985, the Nikkei was in the 12,000 yen range, but it started to climb rapidly from there.
Perhaps no one realized it at the time, but these were the quiet, initial footsteps of the frenzied "Bubble Economy" that would soon engulf all of Japan...
It's fascinating how a major international agreement can, in turn, have such a profound impact on a country's domestic economy and stock prices.
Next time, we'll dive right into the heart of the "Bubble Economy" that had all of Japan in a frenzy! How high will the Nikkei Stock Average go?! Stay tuned!