(Click to listen) The phrase "Let peasants neither live nor die" might create a strong image of Edo period peasants constantly suffering under heavy taxes and living in poverty. Indeed, land taxes were heavy, and famines caused many deaths. However, on the other hand, due to continued peace and advancements in agricultural technology, it is believed that, overall, the living standards of peasants improved compared to the medieval period and before, and the population also increased. Particularly in regions successful in cash crop cultivation, or among peasants who earned income from side businesses, some accumulated considerable wealth. Of course, regional and class disparities were significant, but a one-sided view of "Edo peasants = always miserable" does not necessarily reflect reality.
This Page's Summary in English (Click to expand and listen to paragraphs)
This page explores agriculture in the Edo period, the backbone of its economy. It details the basic agricultural system, technological advancements, the rise of cash crops, and resulting changes in rural society.
The fundamental system included the Kokudaka system (land productivity assessed in koku of rice, forming the basis for taxes and stipends) and Nengu (land tax, primarily paid in rice, collected under the Muraukesei village-contract system). Significant technological progress occurred: Shinden Kaihatsu (new rice field development) expanded arable land. Improved tools (Bitchū-guwa, Senbakoki, Tōmi), diverse fertilizers (including purchased "kinpi" like dried sardines and oil cakes), better crop varieties, and advanced cultivation techniques (e.g., a two- or three-crop system) boosted productivity.
This led to the widespread cultivation of cash crops for market sale, such as cotton, indigo, safflower, rapeseed, tea, and tobacco, fostering regional specialization and a national market. However, the penetration of the commodity economy also led to social stratification in rural villages. The Hon-byakushō (landholding, tax-paying peasants) system destabilized, giving rise to wealthy landowners (Jinushi/Gōnō) who accumulated land and engaged in commerce, while the number of tenant farmers (Kosakunin) and landless peasants (Mizunomi-byakushō) increased. This sometimes resulted in Murakata-sōdō (village disputes) and Hyakushō-ikki (peasant uprisings).
Rural life involved communal labor (yui, moyai) and a degree of self-governance. Literacy improved with the spread of Terakoya. The Shogunate and domains implemented policies to stabilize rural life, curb urban migration (e.g., Kyūri Kinōrei), and promote specific industries (e.g., domainal monopolies). While often perceived as a period of hardship for peasants, overall living standards and population likely improved compared to earlier eras, though with significant disparities.