(Click to listen) Samurai stipends during the Edo period were primarily based on the koku system (paid in rice), but this alone was often insufficient for their livelihood. Therefore, official allowances (yakuryō) for holding a post and various informal incomes known as "yakutoku" (perquisites of office), such as fees and gratuities for granting licenses, became crucial elements supporting the lives of shogunal retainers. While this sometimes led to corruption, it might have also functioned to maintain the motivation of officials. This offers a glimpse into the realistic aspects of shogunal retainers, which might differ slightly from the image of incorruptible "Bushido."
This Page's Summary in English (Click to expand and listen to paragraphs)
This page delves into the organizational structure and functions of the Edo Shogunate, the central government of Japan for over 260 years. Understanding this bureaucracy is key to comprehending how the Shogunate maintained its long rule. Key positions and their roles are explained.
The Shogun was the supreme ruler, holding ultimate authority. The Tairō (Great Elder) was an ad-hoc senior position assisting the Shogun. The Rōjū (Council of Elders), typically composed of 4-5 Fudai Daimyo, managed daily administration through collective decision-making. The Wakadoshiyori (Junior Council) supervised Hatamoto and Gokenin (direct shogunal vassals).
The San-Bugyō (Three Commissioners) handled specialized areas: Jisha-Bugyō (temples/shrines), Machi-Bugyō (Edo's administration/judiciary/police), and Kanjō-Bugyō (finance/shogunal lands). Ōmetsuke and Metsuke were inspectors overseeing Daimyo and Hatamoto/Gokenin, respectively. The Hyōjōsho was the highest judicial body. Policy decisions generally involved proposals, deliberations by Rōjū, and Shogunal approval.
This bureaucratic system, characterized by hereditary posts and collective leadership elements, contributed to long-term stability. However, it also faced issues of formalization and rigidity, especially in its later stages, struggling to adapt to the crises of the Bakumatsu period. Understanding both its successes and failures is crucial.