前置詞の語法まとめ
1. at
- 時間の一点: at 5 o'clock / at noon / at midnight
- 場所の一点: at the bus stop / at the door / at school
- 抽象的な活動: at work / at rest / at war
例文: She is at home now.
比較: in は「内部」、on は「接触面」、at は「点」。
2. in
- 場所の内部: in the room / in the car / in the box
- 時間の範囲: in the morning / in April / in 2025
- 抽象的な状況: in trouble / in love / in danger
例文: The keys are in the bag.
比較: at は「点」、on は「面」、in は「内部」。
3. on
- 接触・表面: on the wall / on the table / on the floor
- 特定の日・日付: on Monday / on July 12 / on my birthday
- 媒体・ツール: on TV / on the radio / on the internet
例文: The book is on the desk.
比較: in は「内部」、on は「面」、at は「点」。
4. by
- 手段・方法: by car / by train / by email
- 期限: by tomorrow / by 5 p.m.
- 受動態の行為者: written by Shakespeare / painted by her
例文: Please finish it by Friday.
注意: 「by+手段」では冠詞をつけない (×by the car)。
5. to
- 方向・到達: go to school / come to me
- 対象: say to me / give it to her
- 比較・対応: superior to / similar to
例文: He gave the book to her.
比較: for は「利益・目的」、to は「方向・対象」。
6. for
- 利益・目的: a gift for you / a tool for cutting
- 期間: for three days / for a long time
- 感情の対象: love for animals / respect for elders
例文: I made dinner for my family.
比較: to は動きや到達、for は「〜のため」。
7. with
- 道具・手段: cut with a knife / write with a pen
- 同伴: with my friend / with a smile
- 状態: with his eyes closed / with anger
例文: He painted it with a brush.
比較: by との違い：with は具体的道具、by は手段。
8. about
- 話題: talk about music / know about him
- 関連: a book about history / worry about money
例文: She talked about her trip.
比較: of は所属・部分、about は話題・関連。
9. over / under
- over: 上に覆う: over the table / over 30
- under: 下にある: under the bed / under control
例文: The clock is over the door.
比較: above/below は基準との比較。over/under は接触含む。
10. since / until
- since（起点から今まで）: since 2020 / since morning
- until（継続の終点）: until 5 p.m. / until he comes
例文: I’ve lived here since 2010.
注意: for は「期間」、since は「起点」